Manual testing refers to the process of manually testing software applications to identify defects, errors, and discrepancies in functionality, user interface, and performance. In manual testing, testers execute test cases without the use of automated testing
tools or scripts, relying on human judgment, observation, and interaction with the software.
Here's an overview of the key aspects of manual testing:
Test Planning:
Manual testing begins with test planning, where testers analyze the software requirements and specifications to identify test scenarios, test cases, and test data. Test plans outline the scope, objectives, and approach of the testing process.
Test Case Design:
Testers design test cases based on the identified test scenarios, outlining the steps to be executed, expected outcomes, and criteria for determining test pass/fail results. Test cases cover various aspects of the software, including functional, usability, performance, and security testing.
Test Execution:
Testers execute the designed test cases manually by following the steps outlined in the test case documents. They interact with the software application, inputting data, navigating through screens, and verifying the behavior and functionality against expected results.
Defect Reporting:
During test execution, testers document any defects, bugs, or issues encountered in the software application. They provide detailed descriptions of the defect, including steps to reproduce, actual results, and expected results, to facilitate debugging and resolution by developers.
Exploratory Testing:
Manual testing also involves exploratory testing, where testers explore the software dynamically, uncovering unexpected behaviors, edge cases, and usability issues that may not have been considered during test planning. Exploratory testing relies on testers' creativity, intuition, and domain knowledge to uncover defects.
Regression Testing:
Regression Testing: Testers perform regression testing by retesting previously tested functionalities to ensure that new changes or enhancements do not introduce unintended side effects or regressions. Regression testing is an integral part of manual testing to maintain software quality and stability.
Usability Testing:
Manual testing includes usability testing, where testers evaluate the user experience of the software, including user interface design, navigation, accessibility, and user interaction. Usability testing helps ensure that the software is intuitive, user-friendly, and meets the needs of end users.
Manual testing offers flexibility, adaptability, and human judgment, making it suitable for exploratory testing, usability testing, and early detection of defects. It complements automated testing by providing insights, feedback, and validation that cannot be easily automated. However, manual testing can be time-consuming, labor-intensive, and subject to human error, particularly for repetitive test cases and large-scale projects.